Pregnancy Loss

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL)—defined as two or more consecutive miscarriages—affects 1-5% of couples and represents one of the most emotionally devastating experiences in reproductive medicine. While approximately 50-70% of first-trimester miscarriages result from random chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidy) that cannot be prevented, the remaining 30-50% have identifiable, modifiable causes: clotting disorders, hormonal deficiencies, autoimmune conditions, uterine abnormalities, metabolic dysfunction, and nutrient deficiencies. The biology is clear: methylation defects from MTHFR mutations impair DNA synthesis and increase chromosomal errors; vitamin D deficiency doubles miscarriage risk through immune dysregulation; inadequate progesterone fails to support early pregnancy; elevated homocysteine increases clotting and placental insufficiency; oxidative stress in aging eggs accelerates aneuploidy; chronic inflammation disrupts implantation and placental development.