Why Does My Dog Keep Shaking His Head? Causes and Treatment

You’re sitting on the couch when you notice it again. Your dog shakes his head, ears flapping loudly. Once, twice, three times in just a few minutes. By the end of the evening, you’ve lost count. Something isn’t right, and your furry friend is telling you so in the only way he knows how.

Head shaking is one of the most common signs that something is bothering your dog’s ears. While an occasional shake is perfectly normal, persistent or frequent head shaking signals a problem that needs your attention. The good news is that most causes are treatable, especially when caught early. This comprehensive guide will teach you how to inspect your dog’s ears at home, recognize red flag symptoms, understand the most common causes, and know exactly when to call your veterinarian.

Understanding Head Shaking Behavior in Dogs

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Normal vs. Excessive Head Shaking

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Dogs shake their heads for many innocent reasons. A quick shake after waking up, following a bath, or during play is completely normal. These occasional shakes help clear debris, water, or simply feel good as part of normal grooming behavior. You might see your dog shake once or twice, then go about their day without another thought.

Excessive head shaking looks different. Your dog shakes repeatedly throughout the day, sometimes vigorously enough to make their ears slap against their head. They might shake after scratching their ear, during quiet moments, or seemingly without any trigger. The shaking interrupts normal activities and becomes a noticeable pattern rather than an isolated incident.

Why Persistent Head Shaking Demands Attention

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When head shaking becomes frequent or persistent, it indicates discomfort or irritation inside the ear canal. Dogs can’t tell us their ears hurt, itch, or feel full. Head shaking is their primary way of communicating ear distress. Ignoring persistent head shaking can lead to serious complications, including:

• Ear hematomas: Vigorous head shaking can rupture blood vessels in the ear flap, creating a painful, blood-filled swelling that requires surgical drainage
• Chronic infections: Untreated ear infections can damage the ear canal and eardrum, potentially affecting hearing
• Spread of infection: Deep ear infections can spread to the middle or inner ear, causing balance problems, head tilt, and neurological symptoms
• Secondary skin damage: Constant scratching and rubbing can injure the skin around the ears, creating additional wounds and infection sites

The key is recognizing when occasional shaking crosses the line into a pattern that requires investigation. Generally, if your dog shakes their head more than a few times per day, or if the shaking continues for more than 24-48 hours, it’s time to look closer.

Common Causes of Excessive Head Shaking

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Ear Infections: The Number One Culprit

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Ear infections are responsible for approximately 60-80% of all cases of persistent head shaking in dogs. These infections develop when bacteria, yeast, or both overgrow inside the ear canal, causing inflammation, discomfort, and the overwhelming urge to shake.

Bacterial Ear Infections (Otitis Externa)

Bacterial infections account for roughly 60% of all ear infections in dogs. The most common bacterial culprits include Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species. These bacteria naturally exist in small numbers in healthy ears, but when conditions become favorable, they multiply rapidly and cause infection.

Symptoms of bacterial ear infections include:

• Yellow or green discharge from the ear canal, sometimes thick and pus-like
• Foul odor that smells distinctly unpleasant, sometimes described as musty or rotten
• Redness and swelling of the ear canal opening
• Pain when the ear is touched, especially near the base
• Warmth in the affected ear compared to the other ear
• Head shaking and ear scratching that becomes more frequent throughout the day

Bacterial infections develop when something disrupts the ear’s natural defenses. Common triggers include moisture trapped in the ear canal after swimming or bathing, allergies that create inflammation, foreign objects that damage the delicate ear lining, or excessive ear wax that provides a breeding ground for bacteria.

Your veterinarian diagnoses bacterial infections by examining the ear with an otoscope and taking a sample of the discharge for microscopic examination. Treatment typically involves thoroughly cleaning the ear canal (often requiring sedation for deep cleaning), then applying prescription antibiotic ear drops or ointment for 7-14 days. Severe infections may also require oral antibiotics.

Yeast Infections (Malassezia Dermatitis)

Yeast infections make up about 40% of ear infections in dogs. The yeast Malassezia pachydermatis naturally lives in dog ears in small numbers, but overgrowth causes significant irritation and inflammation.

Yeast infection symptoms include:

• Brown or gray discharge with a waxy, greasy texture that resembles coffee grounds
• Sweet, musty odor often described as smelling like bread dough, beer, or moldy cheese
• Intense itching that drives dogs to scratch frantically and shake their heads constantly
• Reddish-brown staining around the ear opening from chronic discharge
• Thickened, elephant-like skin in chronic cases where the ear canal lining becomes inflamed over time

Yeast thrives in warm, moist environments. Dogs with floppy ears (Cocker Spaniels, Basset Hounds, Golden Retrievers) are particularly prone because their ear flaps trap moisture and reduce airflow. Allergies are the most common underlying cause of yeast ear infections, as allergic inflammation changes the ear environment and suppresses local immune defenses.

Veterinarians diagnose yeast infections by examining ear discharge under a microscope, where the characteristic peanut-shaped yeast organisms are clearly visible. Treatment involves antifungal ear medications (often containing clotrimazole, miconazole, or ketoconazole) applied for 2-4 weeks. Addressing underlying allergies is crucial for preventing recurrence.

Ear Mites: Tiny Parasites Causing Big Problems

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Ear mites (Otodectes cynotis) are microscopic parasites that live inside the ear canal, feeding on skin oils and debris. While more common in puppies and cats, adult dogs can also develop ear mite infestations, especially if they spend time outdoors or have contact with infected animals.

Ear mite symptoms are distinctive:

• Dark brown or black discharge that looks remarkably like coffee grounds
• Intense itching that’s often worse than bacterial or yeast infections
• Frequent head shaking combined with aggressive scratching
• Crusty buildup around the ear opening
• Visible movement if you look closely at the discharge (though mites are tiny and hard to see with the naked eye)
• Affected ears in multiple pets since ear mites are highly contagious

Ear mites are particularly frustrating because they’re so contagious. If one pet in your household has ear mites, there’s a high chance all pets (cats and dogs) will need treatment, even if they’re not showing symptoms yet.

Your veterinarian confirms ear mites by examining ear discharge under a microscope, where the mites appear as white, moving specks. Treatment requires prescription medications that kill both adult mites and eggs. Common options include topical medications applied directly to the ears, or systemic treatments like selamectin (Revolution) or moxidectin (Advantage Multi) applied to the skin. Treatment usually lasts 3-4 weeks to ensure all mites and newly hatched eggs are eliminated.

Allergies: The Hidden Root Cause

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Allergies don’t directly cause head shaking, but they create the inflammatory environment that leads to chronic ear problems. Food allergies and environmental allergies (to pollen, dust mites, mold) trigger immune responses that affect the ears, making them vulnerable to secondary infections.

Signs that allergies are driving your dog’s ear problems include:

• Chronic ear infections (three or more per year)
• Both ears affected rather than just one
• Seasonal patterns where ear problems worsen during spring or fall
• Other allergy symptoms like itchy paws, face rubbing, skin redness, or gastrointestinal issues
• Young to middle-aged dogs (allergies typically develop between 1-5 years of age)

Allergies cause inflammation in the ear canal lining, which leads to increased wax production, swelling that narrows the canal, and changes in the ear’s normal bacterial and yeast populations. This inflamed, altered environment becomes a perfect breeding ground for infection.

Managing allergy-related ear problems requires a multi-faceted approach:

1. Control environmental triggers: Use air purifiers, wash bedding frequently, wipe paws after outdoor time
2. Consider food trials: Switch to hypoallergenic or limited-ingredient diets for 8-12 weeks to identify food sensitivities
3. Support immune health: Omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammatory responses throughout the body, including in the ears
4. Use antihistamines: Natural options like quercetin or prescription medications can reduce allergic reactions
5. Maintain ear hygiene: Regular ear cleaning with appropriate solutions helps prevent secondary infections

Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil provide powerful anti-inflammatory effects that can reduce allergic ear inflammation. The EPA and DHA in fish oil help regulate immune responses and decrease the production of inflammatory compounds in the body. For dogs with chronic ear issues related to allergies, omega-3 supplementation often reduces the frequency and severity of flare-ups. Typical dosing is based on body weight, with most dogs receiving 50-100mg of combined EPA/DHA per pound daily.

Quercetin is often called “nature’s Benadryl” because of its natural antihistamine properties. This plant-derived flavonoid helps stabilize mast cells, preventing them from releasing histamine during allergic reactions. For dogs with environmental allergies contributing to ear problems, quercetin can reduce overall allergic inflammation without the drowsiness common with pharmaceutical antihistamines. Most effective when given consistently rather than only during flare-ups.

Water in Ears: A Preventable Problem

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Water trapped in the ear canal after swimming or bathing is surprisingly common and often overlooked. Dogs with floppy ears or those who love water are particularly susceptible. The trapped moisture creates an ideal environment for bacterial and yeast growth, potentially leading to infection within 24-48 hours.

Signs of water in the ears include:

• Head shaking immediately after water exposure that continues for hours
• Tilting the head to one side as if trying to drain water
• Ear flapping that sounds wetter or heavier than usual
• Visible moisture when you look inside the ear
• Discomfort but no infection symptoms (no discharge, odor, or redness yet)

Prevention is straightforward but requires consistent effort:

1. Dry ears thoroughly after every bath or swim using cotton balls or gauze
2. Use ear drying solutions designed to evaporate trapped moisture
3. Place cotton balls in the ear opening (not deep into the canal) during baths to prevent water entry
4. Lift ear flaps to improve air circulation after water exposure
5. Consider ear powder for dogs who swim frequently; drying powders containing boric acid help absorb moisture

Ear drying powder creates a moisture-absorbing barrier in the ear canal. These powders typically contain boric acid, which not only dries the ear but also creates a slightly acidic environment that discourages bacterial and yeast growth. Especially valuable for dogs who swim regularly or have chronic moisture problems. Apply a small amount to the ear canal after water exposure, then gently massage the base of the ear to distribute the powder.

Foreign Objects: From Grass Seeds to Foxtails

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Foreign objects in the ear canal cause immediate, intense discomfort that triggers vigorous head shaking. Dogs who spend time in tall grass, fields, or wooded areas are most at risk, particularly during late spring and summer when grass seeds mature.

The most dangerous foreign objects include:

• Foxtails: Barbed grass seeds that migrate deeper with every head shake
• Grass awns: Sharp seeds that penetrate the ear canal lining
• Burrs: Sticky seed pods that attach to ear hair
• Plant material: Leaves, twigs, or dried grass fragments
• Insects: Occasionally, bugs crawl into ears (though less common than owners fear)

Symptoms of a foreign object in the ear are dramatic and sudden:

• Sudden, violent head shaking that starts abruptly
• Head tilting toward the affected side
• Pawing frantically at the ear
• Whining or crying due to pain
• Refusal to let you touch the affected ear
• One-sided symptoms (only the affected ear shows problems)

Do not attempt to remove foreign objects yourself unless they’re clearly visible at the very opening of the ear canal and can be grasped easily with tweezers. Blind probing into the ear canal can push objects deeper, puncture the eardrum, or cause serious injury. Foreign objects deep in the ear require veterinary removal, often under sedation using specialized instruments with magnification.

Ear Polyps and Tumors: Uncommon but Serious

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Growths inside the ear canal are less common but become more likely as dogs age. Polyps are benign growths that develop from chronic inflammation, while tumors can be benign or malignant.

Signs suggesting a mass in the ear include:

• Progressive worsening of symptoms despite treatment
• One-sided problems that don’t respond to typical infection treatments
• Visible mass at the ear canal opening (in some cases)
• Chronic discharge that changes in character over time
• Older dogs (typically over 8 years old)
• Bleeding from the ear canal

Diagnosis requires veterinary examination, often with imaging (CT scan or MRI) to determine the extent of growth. Treatment depends on the type and location of the mass but often involves surgical removal. The prognosis varies widely depending on whether the growth is benign or malignant.

Neurological Issues: Vestibular Disease

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Vestibular disease affects the balance system in the inner ear or brain, causing head shaking along with more concerning neurological symptoms. This condition can result from ear infections that spread to the inner ear, or from “old dog vestibular syndrome,” which appears suddenly in senior dogs without clear cause.

Distinctive symptoms of vestibular disease include:

• Severe head tilt (often with the head turned 45-90 degrees)
• Loss of balance and coordination, appearing drunk or dizzy
• Circling toward the affected side
• Nystagmus: Rhythmic eye movements (eyes dart back and forth)
• Nausea and vomiting from the vertigo sensation
• Difficulty standing or walking in a straight line
• Falling toward one side

Vestibular disease is frightening to witness but often improves with supportive care, especially when caused by old dog vestibular syndrome. Symptoms typically begin improving within 72 hours, with most dogs recovering substantially within 2-3 weeks. Treatment focuses on managing nausea, preventing injury during the recovery period, and addressing any underlying ear infection.

If your dog shows vestibular symptoms, contact your veterinarian immediately. While old dog vestibular syndrome has a good prognosis, similar symptoms can indicate brain tumors, strokes, or other serious conditions requiring urgent care.

Anatomy of the Dog Ear: Why Problems Develop

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Understanding dog ear anatomy explains why ear problems are so common and why certain breeds suffer more than others.

The L-Shaped Ear Canal

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Unlike the relatively straight ear canal in humans, dogs have an L-shaped ear canal. The canal descends vertically from the ear opening, then makes a sharp 90-degree turn and continues horizontally toward the eardrum. This L-shape creates a natural trap for moisture, debris, wax, and foreign objects. Material that enters the vertical portion often settles at the bend or continues into the horizontal canal, where it accumulates and creates an ideal environment for infection.

The L-shaped canal also makes drainage difficult. While humans can tilt their heads to drain water from their ears, the geometry of a dog’s ear canal prevents effective drainage through simple positioning. This is why active drying with cotton balls or drying solutions is essential after water exposure.

Floppy Ears: A Risk Factor

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Dogs with pendant (floppy) ears face significantly higher risk of ear problems. Breeds with this ear type include:

• Cocker Spaniels
• Basset Hounds
• Golden Retrievers
• Labrador Retrievers
• Beagles
• Bloodhounds
• Springer Spaniels

Floppy ears cover the ear canal opening, creating a warm, dark, humid environment with poor air circulation. This microclimate is perfect for bacterial and yeast growth. Studies show that dogs with floppy ears experience ear infections 3-4 times more frequently than dogs with erect ears.

Dogs with narrow ear canals (like Shar-Peis) or excessive hair in the ears (like Poodles and Shih Tzus) also face elevated risk because these features further restrict airflow and trap debris.

Signs of an Ear Infection in Dogs

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Recognizing early signs of ear infection allows for prompt treatment, preventing progression to more serious problems.

Odor: Often the First Clue

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Healthy dog ears have little to no odor. A noticeable smell emanating from the ears is one of the earliest and most reliable signs of infection. The character of the odor provides clues about the type of infection:

• Sweet, yeasty smell (like bread dough or beer): Suggests yeast infection
• Foul, rotten smell: Indicates bacterial infection
• Musty, moldy smell: Can indicate either yeast or bacteria, or both

You might notice the odor when your dog is nearby, or when they shake their head near you. Some infections produce such strong odors that they’re noticeable across the room.

Discharge: Color and Consistency Matter

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Ear discharge varies in appearance depending on the underlying cause:

• Brown, waxy discharge: Normal in small amounts; excessive amounts suggest infection or mites
• Yellow or green discharge: Typically indicates bacterial infection
• Dark brown or black, coffee-ground appearance: Classic sign of ear mites
• Gray or brown with greasy texture: Suggests yeast infection
• Blood-tinged discharge: Indicates trauma, severe inflammation, or potentially tumors

The amount of discharge matters too. A small amount of light brown wax is normal, but discharge that accumulates quickly, drips from the ear, or requires daily cleaning indicates active infection.

Redness and Inflammation

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Lift your dog’s ear flap and look at the visible portion of the ear canal. In a healthy ear, the skin inside the ear flap and at the ear canal opening appears light pink, similar to the color of healthy gums. Infected ears show:

• Bright red color throughout the inner ear flap and canal opening
• Swelling that narrows the ear canal opening
• Bumpy or thickened skin in chronic cases
• Raw areas from scratching or rubbing

Severe infections can cause so much swelling that the ear canal opening nearly closes, making it difficult for your veterinarian to examine the ear without sedation.

Pain and Discomfort

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Dogs with ear infections often show pain through:

• Sensitivity to touch: Pulling away, whimpering, or even snapping when you touch the ear
• Head shyness: Moving away when you reach toward their head
• Crying out when the ear is touched or manipulated
• Changes in temperament: Irritability or withdrawal from normal activities

Pain typically worsens when pressure is applied to the base of the ear, where the ear canal meets the skull. Gentle pressure here in a healthy ear causes no reaction, but in an infected ear, dogs often pull away immediately.

Head Tilt and Balance Problems

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A head tilt that persists (holding the head rotated to one side constantly) suggests the infection has spread to the middle or inner ear, affecting the vestibular system. This is a serious development requiring immediate veterinary attention. Balance problems like stumbling, circling, or difficulty walking straight indicate vestibular involvement and constitute an emergency.

Home Inspection Guide: How to Check Your Dog’s Ears Safely

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Learning to perform basic ear inspections at home empowers you to catch problems early and monitor treatment progress. This skill is especially valuable for breeds prone to ear problems.

Preparing for the Inspection

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Choose a calm, quiet moment when your dog is relaxed. Gather these supplies:

• Good lighting: Natural daylight or a bright flashlight
• Treats: For rewarding cooperation
• Cotton balls or gauze: For gentle cleaning if needed
• Ear cleaning solution: If you notice minor debris (use only vet-approved solutions)

Create positive associations with ear handling by practicing regularly when nothing is wrong. Touch and lift your dog’s ears gently during petting sessions, offering treats and praise. Dogs who are accustomed to ear handling tolerate necessary examinations much better.

Step-by-Step Safe Ear Examination

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Step 1: Position Your Dog

For small dogs, place them on a table or elevated surface where you can see easily without bending. Medium and large dogs can sit or stand on the floor. Some dogs tolerate examination best while lying on their side, especially if they’re nervous.

Step 2: Approach Calmly

Speak softly and move slowly. Let your dog sniff your hands before you reach for their ears. If your dog shows anxiety, take a break and try again later. Never force an examination on a frightened or aggressive dog.

Step 3: Lift the Ear Flap

Gently grasp the ear flap (pinna) and lift it up and back, exposing the ear canal opening. Don’t pull hard or bend the ear awkwardly. For dogs with erect ears, simply look into the ear from slightly above and to the side.

Step 4: Observe the Visible Ear Canal

Look at the entrance to the ear canal and the visible portion of the vertical canal. Use your flashlight if needed. Note:

• Color: Should be light pink, not red or inflamed
• Cleanliness: Minimal wax or debris is normal; excessive buildup suggests problems
• Moisture: Should appear dry; visible wetness indicates trapped moisture
• Swelling: The canal opening should be wide; narrowing indicates inflammation
• Masses: Any bumps, growths, or irregularities need veterinary evaluation

Step 5: Smell the Ear

This might seem unpleasant, but odor is one of the most reliable indicators of infection. Lean close and sniff near the ear canal opening. Healthy ears have minimal odor. Any noticeable smell warrants veterinary attention.

Step 6: Touch Test (Gentle)

Gently massage the base of the ear, where it meets the skull. In a healthy ear, this causes no reaction or may prompt your dog to lean into the massage. If your dog pulls away, whimpers, or shows discomfort, the ear is painful and likely infected.

Step 7: Check Both Ears

Always examine both ears, even if only one seems problematic. Comparing the two helps you identify abnormalities. Many conditions affect both ears, though one may appear worse than the other.

What to Look For During Inspection

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Normal Findings:

• Light pink color throughout visible areas
• Minimal light brown wax (small amount)
• Dry appearance
• No odor or very faint, clean smell
• No reaction to gentle touch
• Wide, open ear canal

Abnormal Findings Requiring Veterinary Attention:

• Redness or inflammation
• Excessive wax or discharge (any color)
• Foul or sweet/yeasty odor
• Visible moisture or wetness
• Swelling that narrows the canal
• Pain response to gentle touch
• Visible foreign objects
• Any masses or growths

Important Safety Notes

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Do not probe deep into the ear canal. You can safely observe the visible portion of the ear canal opening, but inserting objects (cotton swabs, fingers, instruments) deep into the canal risks:

• Pushing debris deeper toward the eardrum
• Puncturing the eardrum
• Causing pain and injury
• Making your dog fear ear handling

Do not use cotton swabs (Q-tips) to clean inside your dog’s ear canal. The L-shaped anatomy means cotton swabs push material deeper into the horizontal canal rather than removing it. Cotton swabs are safe only for cleaning the external ear flap and the visible opening, but should never go into the canal.

When to See Your Vet Immediately

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While some minor ear issues resolve with home care, certain symptoms demand immediate veterinary attention:

Emergency Red Flags

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Blood from the Ear Canal

Any bleeding from inside the ear requires same-day veterinary evaluation. Blood can indicate:

• Ruptured eardrum
• Severe trauma
• Foreign object causing injury
• Ear tumors
• Severe infection with ulceration

Sudden Balance Loss or Disorientation

If your dog suddenly develops severe balance problems, walks in circles, falls over, or acts disoriented, they need emergency care. These symptoms suggest vestibular disease or neurological problems requiring immediate diagnosis and treatment.

Facial Paralysis

One-sided facial drooping, inability to blink in one eye, or drooping lips on one side indicates nerve damage that can occur with severe ear infections. This requires urgent veterinary intervention to prevent permanent damage.

Extreme Pain

If your dog won’t let you near their head, cries when the ear area is touched, or becomes aggressive when you approach, the pain is severe. This level of discomfort suggests serious infection or possible ear hematoma requiring immediate treatment.

Ear Hematoma

A suddenly swollen, fluid-filled ear flap (feels like a water balloon under the skin) is an ear hematoma. While not immediately life-threatening, hematomas are painful and require veterinary drainage to prevent permanent ear deformity.

Non-Emergency Signs Requiring Veterinary Care Within 24-48 Hours

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Persistent Head Shaking

Head shaking that continues for more than 24-48 hours, even without other obvious symptoms, warrants veterinary examination. Early intervention prevents complications.

Discharge or Strong Odor

Any significant discharge or noticeable odor from the ears indicates infection requiring prescription treatment. While not an emergency, treating infections quickly prevents progression.

Scratching That Won’t Stop

Constant ear scratching, especially if your dog is injuring their skin or interrupting sleep, needs veterinary attention. Chronic scratching can lead to secondary skin infections and hematomas.

Suspected Foreign Object

If you suspect a foreign object but can’t see or safely remove it, let your veterinarian handle removal. Most foreign objects require specialized instruments and often sedation for safe extraction.

Failed Home Treatment

If you’ve tried appropriate home care (ear cleaning with vet-approved solutions, keeping ears dry) and symptoms persist or worsen after 48 hours, professional diagnosis and treatment are necessary.

Body Clues Indicating Ear Problems

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Your dog’s body language and behavior provide valuable clues about ear discomfort, often before visual symptoms become obvious.

Scratching Behaviors

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Pawing at the Ears

Repeated scratching at the ears with hind paws is one of the most common signs of ear irritation. Dogs may scratch so vigorously they injure the skin around their ears, creating raw patches or causing their ear flaps to become thick and scarred over time. Some dogs scratch almost constantly, pausing only to shake their head before scratching again.

Rubbing Head on Surfaces

Dogs with itchy ears often rub their head and ears against furniture, carpet, grass, or even your legs. This rubbing motion provides temporary relief from itching but doesn’t address the underlying problem. You might notice worn patches on your carpet or furniture where your dog repeatedly rubs.

Scratching While Lying Down

Watch for scratching during rest periods. If your dog settles down for a nap but then repeatedly scratches their ears before getting comfortable, ear discomfort is interrupting their rest.

Discharge and Odor Clues

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Visible Discharge on Bedding

Check your dog’s bedding, favorite sleeping spots, or even your furniture for discharge stains. Brown, yellow, or gray stains where your dog rests their head indicate significant discharge that needs attention.

Odor That Lingers After Bathing

If you bathe your dog but notice ear odor returning within hours or days, the smell is originating from inside the ear canal where bath water didn’t reach. This persistent odor indicates active infection.

Smelly Paws

Dogs who scratch their ears frequently may have discharge on their paws. If your dog’s paws smell yeasty or foul after ear scratching, they’re transferring infected material from their ears.

Balance and Coordination Changes

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Head Tilt

A persistent head tilt (holding the head rotated to one side at rest and during activity) suggests middle or inner ear involvement. Temporary head tilts that resolve quickly are less concerning, but a tilt that lasts hours or days requires veterinary evaluation.

Stumbling or Clumsiness

Dogs with vestibular problems from ear infections may bump into furniture, miss steps, or appear uncoordinated. They might lean or drift toward one side when walking.

Reluctance to Jump

Dogs with balance problems often become hesitant to jump on furniture or into cars, activities they previously performed easily. This reluctance stems from their vertigo-like sensation that makes judging distances difficult.

Circling Behavior

Repeatedly walking in circles, especially in one direction, indicates vestibular disturbance. This symptom is particularly common with middle or inner ear infections.

Behavioral Changes

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Irritability or Aggression

Dogs in pain often become irritable. A normally friendly dog might snap or growl when touched near the head or ears. This behavioral change isn’t about dominance; it’s pain-driven self-protection.

Withdrawal or Depression

Some dogs respond to ear discomfort by becoming quiet and withdrawn. They might sleep more, show less interest in play, or avoid their usual activities. Ear pain can significantly impact quality of life.

Appetite Changes

Severe ear infections, especially those affecting the inner ear, can cause nausea that reduces appetite. Dogs might also find chewing painful if the infection causes jaw discomfort when the temporomandibular joint moves near the infected ear.

Best Supplements and Products for Ear Health

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While supplements can’t replace veterinary treatment for active infections, they support ear health, reduce allergic inflammation, and help prevent recurring problems.

Ear Cleaning Solutions

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Quality ear cleaning solutions are essential for maintaining healthy ears, especially in breeds prone to problems. The best solutions contain ingredients that break down wax and debris while also drying the ear canal. Look for solutions with salicylic acid (breaks down wax), lactic acid (maintains healthy pH), and drying agents like alcohol or propylene glycol. Avoid solutions with hydrogen peroxide for routine cleaning, as it can irritate inflamed ears. Use cleaning solutions weekly for high-risk dogs or after water exposure to prevent infection development.

Supporting Overall Immune and Ear Health

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The gut-ear connection is gaining scientific recognition. A healthy gut microbiome supports systemic immune function, which includes the ability to fight ear infections and regulate allergic responses. Probiotics for dogs contain beneficial bacteria strains that promote gut health, potentially reducing the chronic inflammation that makes ears vulnerable to infection. While research specifically on probiotics for ear health is still emerging, studies show probiotics can reduce overall allergic symptoms in dogs, including skin and ear problems. Most effective when given continuously rather than only during active infections.

Vitamin C supports immune function and tissue healing throughout the body. While dogs naturally produce vitamin C (unlike humans), supplementation can provide additional support during times of illness or chronic inflammation. Vitamin C is water-soluble, meaning excess is excreted in urine, making it quite safe. Some veterinarians recommend vitamin C supplementation for dogs with chronic ear infections to support the body’s natural healing processes. Typical doses range from 100-500mg daily depending on body weight.

Natural Anti-Inflammatories and Antihistamines

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Omega-3 fatty acids and quercetin work synergistically to reduce allergic inflammation that contributes to chronic ear problems. These supplements are most effective when used consistently for prevention rather than only during active infections.

Practical Ear Care Products

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Ear wipes provide convenient cleaning for the external ear flap and the visible portion of the ear canal opening. These wipes are pre-moistened with gentle cleaning solutions, making them ideal for quick maintenance between deeper cleanings. Particularly useful after outdoor activities or for dogs who dislike liquid ear cleaners. Wipes work best for external cleaning and should not be pushed deep into the ear canal.

Cotton balls are essential for ear care. Use them to dry ears after bathing or swimming by gently inserting them into the ear canal opening (not deep inside) and allowing them to absorb moisture. Cotton balls are also useful for applying cleaning solutions; moisten the cotton ball with ear cleaner, then gently wipe the visible ear structures. Unlike cotton swabs, cotton balls are too large to push deep into the canal, making them safer for home use.

Home Care for Mild Cases

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Some minor ear issues can be managed at home, but understanding the difference between situations you can handle and those requiring veterinary care is crucial.

When Home Care Is Appropriate

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Consider home care only if your dog has:

• Mild ear odor without discharge
• Slightly pink ears without significant redness
• Minimal discomfort (no pain when ears are touched)
• Recent water exposure (swimming or bathing within 24 hours)
• History of minor ear issues that resolved with cleaning
• No systemic symptoms (normal appetite, energy, behavior)

Do not attempt home treatment if your dog has significant discharge, strong odor, obvious pain, head tilt, balance problems, or if symptoms have lasted more than 48 hours. These situations require veterinary diagnosis and prescription treatment.

Gentle Ear Cleaning Technique

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When home cleaning is appropriate, follow these steps:

Supplies Needed:

• Veterinary-approved ear cleaning solution (never use alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or vinegar without veterinary guidance)
• Cotton balls or gauze squares
• Treats for positive reinforcement

Cleaning Process:

1. Position your dog in a comfortable location where cleanup is easy (outdoors, bathroom, or on towels)

2. Apply cleaning solution by gently lifting the ear flap and filling the ear canal with cleaner until it’s visibly full. Don’t be afraid to use enough solution; the canal holds more than you might expect

3. Massage the base of the ear for 20-30 seconds. You should hear a squishing sound as the solution works through the canal, breaking up wax and debris. This massage step is crucial for effective cleaning

4. Step back and let your dog shake. This is when they’ll really want to shake their head, and that’s exactly what should happen. The shaking forces debris and solution out of the canal

5. Wipe the external ear with cotton balls or gauze, removing solution and debris from the ear flap and the visible canal opening. Don’t push cotton deep into the canal; wipe only what you can see

6. Repeat if necessary until cotton balls come away relatively clean

7. Reward heavily with treats and praise. Building positive associations with ear cleaning makes future sessions easier

Drying Ears After Water Exposure

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Prevention is easier than treatment. After any water exposure:

1. Use cotton balls to gently absorb moisture from the visible ear canal
2. Apply ear drying solution designed to evaporate remaining water
3. Lift ear flaps for several minutes to promote air circulation
4. Consider preventive ear powder for dogs who swim frequently

When to Stop Home Care and Call the Vet

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Stop home treatment and contact your veterinarian if:

• Symptoms worsen despite cleaning
• New symptoms develop (discharge, increased pain, head tilt)
• No improvement within 48 hours
• Your dog becomes resistant to ear cleaning (suggesting pain)
• You’re uncertain about what you’re seeing or doing

Prevention Strategies

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Preventing ear problems is far easier and less expensive than treating chronic infections. These strategies are especially important for high-risk breeds.

Regular Ear Checks and Maintenance Cleaning

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Weekly Inspections

Make ear checks part of your weekly routine. Lift each ear flap, look inside, and smell the ear. Catching changes early allows for immediate intervention before full infections develop. For breeds with chronic ear issues, consider checking ears 2-3 times per week.

Preventive Cleaning Schedule

The frequency of preventive cleaning depends on your dog’s individual risk:

• Low-risk dogs (erect ears, no history of problems): Monthly or after water exposure
• Moderate-risk dogs (some ear issues, floppy ears): Every 1-2 weeks
• High-risk dogs (chronic ear problems, frequent swimmers): Weekly or after every water exposure

Never clean ears so frequently that you create irritation. If your dog’s ears become red from cleaning, you’re cleaning too often or too aggressively.

Managing Water Exposure

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Swimming Dogs:

• Dry ears thoroughly immediately after swimming
• Use ear drying solutions designed for this purpose
• Consider limiting deep diving and head submersion
• Watch for head shaking in the hours after swimming

Bath Time:

• Place cotton balls in ear openings before bathing to reduce water entry
• Be careful when rinsing around the head
• Dry ears thoroughly after every bath
• Consider cleaning ears right after bathing while they’re already wet

Allergy Management

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For dogs with underlying allergies:

Environmental Control:

• Use HEPA filters in your home
• Wash bedding weekly in hot water
• Wipe paws after outdoor time to reduce pollen brought indoors
• Consider allergy testing to identify specific triggers

Dietary Approaches:

• Try limited-ingredient diets if food allergies are suspected
• Avoid common allergens (chicken, beef, dairy, wheat)
• Consider hydrolyzed protein diets for severe allergies
• Supplement with omega-3 fatty acids consistently

Immune Support:

• Maintain healthy body weight (obesity worsens inflammation)
• Provide regular exercise (supports immune function)
• Minimize stress (stress hormones suppress immunity)
• Consider quercetin supplementation during allergy season

Hair and Ear Canal Maintenance

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Some breeds grow excessive hair inside the ear canal:

• Poodles
• Shih Tzus
• Maltese
• Schnauzers

Ask your groomer or veterinarian about ear hair plucking. Some professionals recommend it for dogs with ear problems, while others believe plucking causes irritation. The decision depends on individual factors. If hair is plucked, ensure it’s done gently with proper technique to minimize inflammation.

Breed Predispositions to Ear Issues

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Genetics play a significant role in ear health. Understanding your dog’s breed-specific risks helps you target prevention efforts.

High-Risk Breeds

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Cocker Spaniels

Cocker Spaniels suffer ear problems more than any other breed. Their long, heavy ear flaps combined with narrow ear canals create the perfect storm for infections. Cocker ears often require weekly cleaning and frequent veterinary monitoring. Many Cocker Spaniels experience chronic ear problems throughout their lives despite excellent care.

Basset Hounds

The extremely long, heavy ears of Basset Hounds trap moisture and reduce airflow dramatically. Their low-to-the-ground stature means ears drag through grass, puddles, and other contamination sources. Bassets often need more frequent ear cleaning than other breeds.

Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers

These popular breeds combine floppy ears with a love of water, creating high infection risk. Additionally, both breeds have elevated rates of atopic dermatitis (environmental allergies), which contributes to chronic ear problems. Many Golden and Lab owners find themselves treating ear infections multiple times per year.

Poodles

Poodles grow hair inside their ear canals that traps wax and moisture. This hair requires regular removal by grooming professionals. Without proper hair management, Poodles develop chronic ear problems.

Shar-Peis

The extremely narrow ear canals of Shar-Peis (related to their overall skin folds) make them highly susceptible to infections. Some Shar-Peis have such narrow canals that even routine cleaning is challenging.

German Shepherds

While German Shepherds have erect ears that should provide good airflow, the breed has high rates of environmental allergies that manifest as ear infections. They also have deeper ear canals than many breeds, making them prone to deep infections.

Why Breed Matters for Treatment

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Understanding breed predispositions helps you:

• Start prevention early if you have a high-risk breed
• Set realistic expectations (some breeds will need lifelong ear management)
• Avoid blaming yourself (chronic ear problems often reflect genetics, not care quality)
• Budget appropriately for ear care costs throughout your dog’s life
• Choose dogs wisely if ear maintenance is a concern (consider breeds with erect ears and low allergy rates)

Treatment Options Prescribed by Veterinarians

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When home care isn’t enough, veterinarians prescribe treatments based on the specific diagnosis.

Topical Antibiotics

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For bacterial ear infections, topical antibiotic ointments or drops are the mainstay of treatment. Common antibiotics include:

• Gentamicin: Broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against many ear bacteria
• Enrofloxacin: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic for resistant infections
• Polymyxin B: Often combined with other antibiotics for broader coverage

Topical treatments are applied directly into the ear canal, typically twice daily for 7-14 days. Most veterinary ear medications combine antibiotics with anti-inflammatory steroids to reduce swelling and discomfort while fighting infection.

Application technique matters: Fill the ear canal with medication, massage the base of the ear for 30 seconds, then step back and let your dog shake. The shaking distributes medication throughout the canal. Wipe away any medication that comes out onto the external ear flap.

Antifungals for Yeast Infections

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Yeast infections require antifungal medications:

• Clotrimazole: Common, effective antifungal
• Miconazole: Similar to clotrimazole
• Ketoconazole: For more resistant yeast infections

Yeast infections often require longer treatment courses than bacterial infections, typically 2-4 weeks. Some chronic yeast infections require oral antifungal medications in addition to topical treatment.

Anti-Inflammatory Steroids

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Most veterinary ear medications include corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, swelling, and itching. Common steroids in ear medications include:

• Hydrocortisone: Mild anti-inflammatory
• Dexamethasone: More potent anti-inflammatory
• Mometasone: Long-lasting anti-inflammatory

Reducing inflammation is crucial for treatment success. Swollen ear canals prevent medication from reaching all affected areas and make dogs uncomfortable despite treatment.

Oral Medications

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Severe or chronic ear infections sometimes require oral medications:

• Oral antibiotics for deep infections that topical medications can’t reach
• Oral antifungals for resistant yeast infections
• Oral steroids for severe allergic inflammation
• Pain medications for dogs experiencing significant discomfort

Ear Cleaning Under Anesthesia

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Some infections are so severe that the ear canal is completely filled with debris, pus, or wax. In these cases, veterinarians perform deep ear cleaning under sedation or general anesthesia. This procedure allows thorough cleaning of the entire ear canal, including the deep horizontal portion and the eardrum area, without causing pain or fear. After deep cleaning, medications can penetrate effectively, dramatically improving treatment success.

Chronic Ear Issues: Advanced Solutions

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When ear problems recur repeatedly despite treatment, additional interventions may be necessary.

Food Allergy Testing and Elimination Diets

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For dogs with chronic ear infections (three or more per year), food allergies should be investigated. The gold standard for diagnosing food allergies is an elimination diet trial:

1. Choose a hydrolyzed protein diet or novel protein diet (protein your dog has never eaten)
2. Feed exclusively for 8-12 weeks (no treats, table scraps, or flavored medications)
3. Monitor for improvement in ear infections and other allergy symptoms
4. Reintroduce old proteins one at a time to identify specific triggers
5. Maintain allergen-free diet long-term once triggers are identified

Food elimination trials require patience and strict compliance, but they’re the only definitive way to diagnose food allergies. Blood and saliva allergy tests for food are unreliable and not recommended by veterinary dermatologists.

Allergy Medications

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Dogs with confirmed environmental allergies may benefit from:

• Apoquel: Targeted therapy that blocks itch at the source
• Cytopoint: Injectable antibody that neutralizes itch-causing proteins
• Immunotherapy (allergy shots): Gradual desensitization to specific allergens
• Antihistamines: Less effective than newer options but worth trying
• Cyclosporine: Immune-modulating medication for severe allergic disease

These medications don’t cure allergies but manage symptoms, including the ear inflammation that leads to infections.

Surgical Options

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In severe, chronic cases that don’t respond to medical management, surgery may be considered:

Lateral Ear Canal Resection

This surgery removes part of the vertical ear canal wall, opening the canal to improve airflow and drainage. It’s often effective for chronic infections but doesn’t address underlying allergy issues.

Total Ear Canal Ablation (TECA)

This radical surgery removes the entire diseased ear canal and is reserved for the most severe cases where all other treatments have failed. While effective at eliminating chronic infection and pain, TECA results in complete loss of hearing in the affected ear.

Surgery is always a last resort after medical management has been exhausted.

Frequently Asked Questions

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How often should I clean my dog’s ears?

It depends on your dog’s individual risk factors. Low-risk dogs with erect ears and no history of problems may only need cleaning monthly or after water exposure. High-risk breeds with floppy ears or allergy history often benefit from weekly cleaning. Never clean so frequently that you irritate the ears. If ears become red from cleaning, you’re overdoing it.

Can I use human ear drops on my dog?

No, never use human medications on your dog without veterinary guidance. Many human ear drops contain ingredients that are irritating or even toxic to dogs. The pH balance and ingredients in human products aren’t appropriate for canine ears. Always use veterinary-formulated ear products.

My vet said my dog has a yeast infection. What can I do at home?

Follow your veterinarian’s prescribed treatment precisely, typically antifungal ear drops for 2-4 weeks. At home, you can support treatment by keeping ears dry, addressing underlying allergies, and supplementing with omega-3 fatty acids to reduce inflammation. Don’t stop treatment early when symptoms improve; complete the full course to prevent relapse.

Is it normal for dogs to have smelly ears occasionally?

A faint, barely noticeable odor can be normal, but any obvious smell from your dog’s ears indicates a problem. Healthy ears should smell clean or have virtually no odor. If you notice a yeasty, sweet, foul, or musty smell, schedule a veterinary examination. Odor is one of the earliest and most reliable signs of ear infection.

Can ear infections cause permanent hearing loss?

Yes, chronic or severe ear infections can damage the structures of the ear, including the eardrum and the tiny bones of the middle ear. This damage can result in permanent hearing loss. This is why prompt treatment of ear infections is so important. Most ear infections treated promptly don’t cause lasting damage.

Should I pluck hair from inside my dog’s ears?

This is controversial. Some veterinarians recommend ear hair plucking for breeds like Poodles and Shih Tzus whose hair traps wax and moisture. Others believe plucking causes inflammation that predisposes to infection. Discuss your individual dog’s needs with your veterinarian. If plucking is recommended, ensure it’s done gently by a professional groomer or veterinary technician.

Conclusion

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When your dog shakes their head persistently, they’re telling you something is wrong. While head shaking might seem like a minor annoyance, it signals discomfort that deserves your attention and often requires professional care. The good news is that most ear problems are highly treatable when caught early, and many can be prevented with proper maintenance and awareness.

Learning to inspect your dog’s ears at home empowers you to catch problems in their earliest stages, potentially preventing painful infections and expensive treatments. Recognize the red flags that demand immediate veterinary attention: severe pain, balance problems, bloody discharge, or persistent symptoms. Don’t wait days or weeks hoping problems resolve on their own; ear infections worsen quickly and become harder to treat over time.

For dogs with chronic ear issues, remember that you’re not alone, and you haven’t failed as an owner. Some breeds are genetically predisposed to ear problems despite excellent care. Working with your veterinarian to identify underlying causes, whether allergies, ear canal abnormalities, or other factors, is key to developing a long-term management strategy that keeps your dog comfortable.

Stay proactive with your dog’s ear health through regular inspections, appropriate cleaning for your dog’s risk level, thorough drying after water exposure, and prompt veterinary care when problems arise. Your attention to your dog’s ears will prevent suffering, protect hearing, and maintain quality of life for your four-legged companion.

References

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1. Bajwa, J. (2019). Canine otitis externa: Treatment and complications. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 60(1), 97-99.

2. Bloom, P. (2021). Canine superficial bacterial folliculitis and pyoderma. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 51(1), 75-89.

3. Cole, L. K. (2020). Otoscopic evaluation of the ear canal. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 50(2), 345-362.

4. Griffin, C. E., & DeBoer, D. J. (2021). The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis: Foreword and introduction. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 81(3), 143-146.

5. Nuttall, T., & Cole, L. K. (2019). Evidence-based veterinary dermatology: A review of published studies of treatments for Malassezia pachydermatis dermatitis in dogs. Veterinary Dermatology, 18(4), 227-239.

6. Paterson, S. (2016). Topical ear treatment: Options, indications and limitations of current therapy. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 57(12), 668-678.

7. Rosser, E. J. (2018). Causes of otitis externa. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 34(2), 459-468.

8. Saridomichelakis, M. N., Farmaki, R., Leontides, L. S., & Koutinas, A. F. (2020). Aetiology of canine otitis externa: A retrospective study of 100 cases. Veterinary Dermatology, 18(5), 341-347.

9. Zur, G., Lifshitz, B., & Bdolah-Abram, T. (2021). The association between the signalment, common causes of canine otitis externa and pathogens. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 52(5), 254-258.

10. Miller, W. H., Griffin, C. E., & Campbell, K. L. (2021). Muller and Kirk’s Small Animal Dermatology (8th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.